HouseChalk
Home Building Glossary
Construction has its own language. This glossary translates it into plain English so you can follow the conversation, ask better questions, and catch problems before they become expensive.
A
Access panel
An access panel is a removable opening that lets you reach valves or plumbing connections without cutting drywall.
AFCI
An AFCI is a safety device that shuts power off when it detects dangerous arcing in wiring.
AFUE rating
AFUE stands for Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency and measures how efficiently a furnace or boiler converts fuel to heat.
Air leakage rating (windows and doors)
Air leakage rating measures how much air can pass through a window or door assembly.
Air sealing
Air sealing means blocking small gaps where outside air leaks in and indoor air leaks out.
Air sealing (garage wall)
Air sealing the garage wall means sealing gaps and penetrations so garage air does not leak into the home.
Airflow
Airflow is how much air moves through the HVAC system and into rooms.
Allowance
An allowance is a budget placeholder for an item you have not selected yet, like tile or fixtures.
Anchor bolts
Anchor bolts are bolts embedded in concrete that attach the wood framing to the foundation.
Angle stop
An angle stop is the small shutoff valve under a sink or behind a toilet.
Arbitration
Arbitration is a method of resolving contract disputes outside of court, where a neutral third party (the arbitrator) makes a binding decision.
Argon fill
Argon fill is a gas placed between window panes to reduce heat transfer.
As-built
As-built documents show what was actually installed and where, after changes during construction.
As-built (septic and well)
An as-built is a final map showing where septic and well components were actually installed.
Attic ventilation
Attic ventilation is the controlled airflow that moves fresh air into the attic and exhausts warm moist air out.
Automatic transfer switch
An automatic transfer switch detects a power outage and activates a backup generator without anyone flipping a switch.
B
Backdrafting
Backdrafting is when combustion gases from a furnace, water heater, or fireplace are pulled back into the home instead of venting outside.
Backwater valve
A backwater valve helps prevent sewage from flowing backward into the home during a sewer backup.
Baffle (attic)
A baffle is a channel that keeps an air path open from soffit vents into the attic above the insulation.
Balancing (HVAC)
Balancing is adjusting dampers and registers to distribute airflow evenly throughout a home.
Baseboard
Baseboard is the trim board at the bottom of a wall where it meets the floor.
Batt insulation
Batt insulation is insulation that comes in pre-cut blankets or rolls, usually made of fiberglass or mineral wool, sized to fit between studs, joists, or rafters.
Beam
A beam is a heavy horizontal member that carries loads from above and transfers them to posts or walls.
Blocking
Blocking is extra wood installed between studs so you have solid backing to mount heavy items later.
Blower door test
A blower door test uses a powerful fan mounted in a doorway to measure how much air leaks in and out of a home.
Blown insulation
Blown insulation is loose-fill insulation that is blown into attics, walls, or floors using a machine.
Bonding
Bonding is connecting metal parts together so they stay at the same electrical potential.
Broom Clean
Broom clean is a contract standard meaning the builder will remove all debris, sweep the floors, and leave the property relatively tidy at turnover.
Brushed gold
Brushed gold is a warm metallic finish with gold undertones and a soft, satiny texture created by fine abrasion.
Brushed nickel
Brushed nickel is a soft, matte metallic finish with warm undertones, created by brushing the surface to reduce glare.
Builder's Risk Insurance
Builder's Risk Insurance is a specialized property insurance that covers the home and materials during construction against damage like fire, wind, or theft.
Building envelope
The building envelope is the boundary between indoor comfort and outdoor weather, including walls, roof, floors, windows, doors, and the sealing around them.
Bulk water
Bulk water is rain or melting snow that can flow and soak materials.
Butt joint
A butt joint is a drywall seam where the cut ends of two drywall sheets meet.
C
Capillary action
Capillary action is water moving through tiny gaps and pores, even upward, like a paper towel soaking up a spill.
Capillary break
A capillary break is a gap or material layer that stops water from wicking from one surface to another.
Carbon monoxide (garage risk)
Carbon monoxide is an invisible gas from combustion that can build up when vehicles run or when fumes enter the home.
Carbon monoxide alarm
A carbon monoxide alarm detects carbon monoxide, an invisible gas that can make people sick or worse.
Casing
Casing is the trim around doors and windows.
Caulk
Caulk is a sealant used to close small gaps at joints and transitions.
Caulk (interior trim)
Caulk is a flexible sealant used to close small gaps between trim and walls.
Cellulose insulation
Cellulose insulation is made from recycled paper treated with fire retardants, typically installed as blown-in loose fill.
Cement board
Cement board is a rigid panel made of portland cement and reinforcing fibers, used as a backer for tile in wet areas.
Certificate of insurance (COI)
A certificate of insurance is a document that shows the builder has active insurance, usually general liability and workers comp.
Certificate of Occupancy (CO)
A Certificate of Occupancy is an official document issued by the local government verifying that a building complies with building codes and is safe to live in.
Change order
A change order is a written agreement that changes the scope, cost, or schedule after work starts.
Change order markup
Change order markup is the percentage the builder adds to cover overhead and profit on change work.
Chrome finish
Chrome is a bright, highly reflective metallic finish applied over a base metal through electroplating.
Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is a safety switch in the electrical panel that trips when a circuit pulls too much power or has a fault.
Cleanout
A cleanout is an access point in a drain line that lets a plumber clear clogs.
Clearance to grade
Clearance to grade is the space between siding or wood materials and the soil.
Closed-cell foam
Closed-cell foam is a dense type of spray foam insulation that acts as both insulation and a vapor barrier.
Combustion air
Combustion air is the fresh air supply that fuel-burning appliances need to burn safely and vent properly.
Compaction
Compaction is packing soil so it is dense and stable.
Concrete cover
Concrete cover is the concrete thickness between the surface and the steel reinforcement.
Concrete curing
Concrete curing is the process of keeping concrete moist and protected as it gains strength.
Condensate
Condensate is water created when humid air hits cold HVAC surfaces and moisture drops out.
Condensate pump
A condensate pump moves condensate water to a drain when gravity drainage is not possible.
Condensation (windows)
Condensation is water that forms when warm humid air hits a cold window surface.
Conduit
Conduit is a protective tube that routes wires and makes it easier to replace or add wiring later.
Contact sensor
A contact sensor is a two-piece device that detects when a door or window is opened or closed by sensing the separation of its halves.
Contingency
Contingency is extra money and time set aside for unknowns, especially in remodels.
Continuous insulation
Continuous insulation is insulation that runs over framing without breaks, often on the exterior of the wall.
Control joint
A control joint is a planned weak line in concrete that encourages cracks to form in a predictable place.
Copper piping
Copper piping is a traditional metal piping used for water supply lines, known for durability and long life.
Corner bead
Corner bead is the metal or plastic strip used to create strong, straight outside corners in drywall.
Cost-Plus Contract
A cost-plus contract is an agreement where the homeowner pays the actual cost of materials and labor, plus a fixed percentage or fee for the builder's overhead and profit.
Counter-depth refrigerator
A counter-depth refrigerator has a shallower body that aligns with the front edge of standard kitchen cabinets.
Counterflashing
Counterflashing is flashing that covers and protects the top edge of step flashing, often at chimneys and masonry walls.
Cove joint
The cove joint is the seam where a basement wall meets the slab floor.
Crawlspace
A crawlspace is a shallow space under a home that provides access to structure and utilities.
Critical path
Critical path is the sequence of tasks that determines the earliest possible finish date.
D
Dampproofing
Dampproofing is a basic coating on foundation walls that resists moisture but is not full waterproofing.
Data plate
A data plate is the label on equipment that shows model number, serial number, manufacture date, and specifications.
Dedicated circuit
A dedicated circuit serves one major appliance or one heavy load, instead of sharing with general outlets.
Deflection
Deflection is how much a floor or beam bends under weight.
Dehumidification
Dehumidification is removing moisture from the air.
Dew point
Dew point is the temperature where air turns its moisture into liquid water on a surface.
Diverter valve
A diverter valve routes water between different shower outlets, such as the showerhead, handheld sprayer, or body jets.
Door handing
Door handing describes whether a door is left-hand or right-hand based on which side the hinges are on when you pull the door open.
Door sweep
A door sweep is the seal at the bottom of a door that blocks air, bugs, and water.
Downdraft ventilation
Downdraft ventilation is a unit built into or beside a cooktop that pulls smoke and steam downward instead of upward.
Downspout extension
A downspout extension carries roof water farther away from the foundation.
DP rating (Design Pressure)
DP rating is a measure of how well a window handles wind pressure and water resistance.
Drain line
A drain line carries used water away from sinks, tubs, showers, and toilets.
Drain tile
Drain tile is a perforated pipe around the foundation that collects groundwater and carries it away.
Drainage plane
A drainage plane is the layer that lets water drain down and out behind siding.
Draw schedule
A draw schedule is the plan for when payments happen, usually tied to milestones.
Drip edge
Drip edge is metal flashing at the roof edge that directs water away from the roof deck and fascia.
Drywall
Drywall is the sheet material used to create most interior walls and ceilings.
Drywall finish level
Drywall finish level is a standard that describes how smooth and complete the drywall finishing is, from Level 0 to Level 5.
Duct blaster test
A duct blaster test measures how much air leaks out of the duct system.
Duct sealing
Duct sealing means closing leaks in duct connections so air goes where it is supposed to go.
Ductless mini-split
A ductless mini-split is an HVAC system with individual wall-mounted indoor units connected to a single outdoor compressor, requiring no ductwork.
Ductwork
Ductwork is the system of channels that carries heated or cooled air from the HVAC equipment to rooms throughout the house.
DWV system
The DWV system is the network of drain, waste, and vent pipes that removes used water and sewer gases from a building.
E
Easement
An easement is a legal right that allows someone other than the property owner to use a specific portion of the property.
Effluent
Effluent is the liquid wastewater that leaves the septic tank and goes to the drain field.
Egress window
An egress window is a window large enough to escape through in an emergency.
Electrical panel
The electrical panel is the box that distributes power to circuits in your home. It holds breakers that shut power off when something goes wrong.
Electrical rough-in
Electrical rough-in is the stage where wiring, boxes, and runs are installed before insulation and drywall.
Engineered septic system
An engineered septic system is a septic design that uses special components or layouts to work on difficult sites.
Epoxy coating
Epoxy coating is a protective floor coating often used on garage slabs.
Epoxy grout
Epoxy grout is a waterproof, stain-resistant grout made from epoxy resins instead of cement.
ERV (Energy Recovery Ventilator)
An ERV brings fresh air in and pushes stale air out while saving some heat and moisture.
Escalation clause
An escalation clause is a contract provision that allows the builder to increase the price if the cost of materials (like lumber or copper) spikes unexpectedly during construction.
EV charger rough-in
EV charger rough-in is planning and installing the electrical pathway for a future electric vehicle charger.
Exclusions
Exclusions are items and tasks the contract says the builder will not provide.
Excusable delay
An excusable delay is a delay caused by events outside the builder's control, giving them an extension of time without penalty.
Expansion gap (flooring)
An expansion gap is a small space left at edges so flooring can expand and contract without buckling.
Expansion tank
An expansion tank is a small tank that gives hot water room to expand when pressure rises.
F
Fascia
Fascia is the vertical board that runs along the edge of the roof, usually behind the gutter.
Fiberglass insulation
Fiberglass insulation is insulation made from fine glass fibers, available as batts, rolls, or loose-fill.
Final grading
Final grading is the precise shaping of the land after construction to create proper drainage slopes and prepare for landscaping.
Final walkthrough
A final walkthrough is an inspection near the end of a project to identify punch list items before you accept the work as complete.
Finish schedule
A finish schedule is a list of finishes and fixtures with the exact product details for each room.
Fire blocking
Fire blocking is material installed in wall and floor cavities to slow the spread of fire and smoke.
Fire caulk
Fire caulk is a sealant designed to help maintain fire-rated assemblies by sealing small gaps.
Fire separation (garage to house)
Fire separation is the set of materials and details that slow fire and smoke from moving from the garage into the living space.
First-hour rating
The first-hour rating measures how many gallons of hot water a tank water heater can deliver in the first hour of heavy use.
Fixed-Price Contract
A fixed-price (or stipulated sum) contract is an agreement where the builder agrees to complete the project for a single, guaranteed total price.
Flashing
Flashing is material that directs water away from seams and openings like windows, doors, roof edges, and deck connections.
Flex duct
Flex duct is a flexible, insulated tube made of a wire coil covered with insulation and a vapor barrier, used to deliver conditioned air.
Float switch
A float switch is a safety switch that shuts off HVAC equipment when condensate water rises too high.
Flood zone designation
A flood zone designation is a FEMA classification that indicates the level of flood risk for a specific area.
Flush beam
A flush beam is a structural beam set within the floor joist depth so it does not hang below the ceiling plane.
Foam board panels
Foam board panels are waterproof foam substrates that serve as both tile backer and moisture barrier in a single product.
Footing
A footing is the wider base of concrete that spreads the house weight into the soil.
Force majeure
Force majeure is a contract clause that excuses a party from fulfilling their obligations due to an extraordinary, unforeseeable event beyond their control (an 'Act of God').
Foundation crack
A foundation crack is a crack in concrete or masonry foundation walls or slabs.
Foundation drain (drain tile)
A foundation drain is a perforated pipe around the foundation that collects groundwater and carries it away.
French drain
A French drain is a gravel-filled trench with a perforated pipe that collects and redirects groundwater.
Frost depth
Frost depth is how deep the ground can freeze in winter.
Frost heave
Frost heave is when freezing soil expands and lifts concrete or structures.
Furnace
A furnace is a heating appliance that burns fuel or uses electricity to heat air, which is then distributed through ducts.
G
Gallons per minute (GPM)
Gallons per minute measures the flow rate of water through a fixture or system at a given temperature rise.
Galvanized piping
Galvanized piping is steel pipe coated with zinc, once common for water supply but now considered outdated.
Garage door R-value
Garage door R-value measures how well the door resists heat loss.
Garage slab slope
Garage slab slope is the slight angle in the concrete that helps water drain out toward the overhead door or a drain.
Garage storage plan
A garage storage plan is deciding where items live so the garage stays usable for cars and projects.
Garage ventilation
Garage ventilation is moving air in and out of the garage so fumes do not build up.
General Conditions
General conditions are the indirect 'soft costs' of a construction project, such as portable toilets, dumpsters, site supervision, temporary power, and cleanup.
Geotechnical report
A geotechnical report is a soil analysis that evaluates bearing capacity, soil composition, groundwater conditions, and foundation recommendations for a building site.
GFCI
A GFCI is a safety device that shuts off power quickly when it senses a shock risk, especially near water.
Glazing
Glazing is the glass part of a window or door. It includes how many panes and what coatings and gas fills are used.
GMP (Guaranteed Maximum Price)
A GMP is a contract structure that sets a maximum price, with rules for what happens if costs go above or below.
Grading
Grading is shaping the soil so water flows away from the foundation.
Grading plan
A grading plan is an engineering drawing that shows finished elevations and the intended drainage flow paths across the entire building site.
Grinder pump
A grinder pump grinds wastewater and pumps it uphill from a low lot to a higher sewer main or septic system.
Grounding
Grounding is connecting the electrical system to the earth so fault energy has a safe path.
Gutters
Gutters are channels along the roof edge that collect rainwater and direct it to downspouts.
H
Header
A header is a beam over a window or door opening that carries loads to the sides of the opening.
Heat pump
A heat pump is a system that moves heat instead of creating it, providing both heating and cooling from one unit.
Heat pump water heater
A heat pump water heater moves heat from the surrounding air into the water tank instead of generating heat directly, using far less electricity.
Hot mop
Hot mop is a waterproofing method that uses heated asphalt applied in layers to create a watertight barrier on shower floors.
Hot water recirculation
Hot water recirculation is a system that keeps hot water circulating in the pipes so it arrives instantly at fixtures without waiting.
HSPF rating
HSPF stands for Heating Seasonal Performance Factor and measures heat pump efficiency in heating mode.
Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air, often expressed as relative humidity.
HVAC
HVAC is the system that heats, cools, and moves air through your home.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the force of water pushing on a foundation when soil is saturated.
I
IC-rated fixtures
IC-rated fixtures are recessed lights approved for direct contact with insulation without creating a fire hazard.
Ice and water shield
Ice and water shield is a sticky waterproof membrane used in vulnerable roof areas like eaves and valleys.
Ice dam
An ice dam is a ridge of ice at the roof edge that traps melting snow and forces water under the roof covering.
Inclusions
Inclusions are items and tasks the contract says the builder will provide.
Indemnification
Indemnification is a contract clause where one party agrees to financially protect (or 'hold harmless') the other party against specific third-party claims or lawsuits.
Inspection
An inspection is a checkpoint where an inspector verifies work meets code before it gets covered up.
Integrated LED recessed light
An integrated LED recessed light is a fixture with the LED light source built directly into the housing, with no separate bulb to replace.
Island vent (loop vent)
An island vent is a venting method where the vent pipe routes under the floor and loops back to connect to the main vent stack in a nearby wall.
J
L
Laminated glass
Laminated glass has a plastic layer between panes that holds the glass together when it cracks.
Lead time
Lead time is the time between ordering a product and receiving the product.
Level 1 charging
Level 1 charging uses a standard 120-volt household outlet to charge an electric vehicle, adding roughly 3 to 5 miles of range per hour.
Level 2 charging
Level 2 charging uses a 240-volt dedicated circuit to charge an electric vehicle, adding roughly 25 to 30 miles of range per hour.
Level 3 charging
Level 3 charging is high-power DC fast charging found at commercial stations, capable of adding 100+ miles of range in 20 to 30 minutes.
Level 4 finish
Level 4 finish means seams and fasteners are covered and sanded, ready for paint, with a typical residential smooth finish.
Level 5 finish
Level 5 finish adds a skim coat over the whole surface to make the wall as uniform as possible.
Lien waiver
A lien waiver is a document that says a contractor or supplier has been paid and will not file a lien for that payment.
Liquid-applied membrane
A liquid-applied membrane is a paint-on waterproofing product that cures into a seamless, flexible barrier on walls and floors.
Liquidated damages
Liquidated damages are a pre-agreed daily or weekly financial penalty the builder pays if the project is delayed past the contracted completion date.
Load calculation
A load calculation is a method for estimating how much electrical demand your home will have with existing and new equipment.
Load management device
A load management device shares electrical capacity between high-draw appliances so they do not all run at full power simultaneously.
Load-bearing wall
A load-bearing wall supports weight from above and carries it down to the foundation.
Low slope roofing
Low slope roofing is roofing designed for roofs that are not steep enough to shed water quickly.
Low-E
Low-E is a thin coating on glass that reflects heat. It helps control heat loss and heat gain.
Low-voltage wiring
Low-voltage wiring covers systems like internet, cameras, doorbells, and speakers.
M
Make-up air
Make-up air is fresh air that replaces air removed by exhaust fans, preventing pressure imbalances.
Manifold system
A manifold system is a central plumbing hub with individual supply lines running directly to each fixture, like a breaker panel for water.
Manual D calculation
A Manual D calculation is an engineering method that determines the correct duct sizes based on the required airflow to each room.
Manual J
Manual J is a calculation that estimates how much heating and cooling a home needs.
Manual transfer switch
A manual transfer switch requires someone to physically flip circuits from utility power to generator power during an outage.
Matte black finish
Matte black is a flat, non-reflective dark finish that creates bold contrast in kitchens and bathrooms.
Matter
Matter is an open standard that allows smart home devices from different brands to communicate with each other across platforms.
Mechanic's lien
A mechanic's lien is a legal claim placed on your property by a contractor, subcontractor, or supplier who hasn't been paid for their work or materials.
MERV rating
MERV rating is a score for how well an HVAC filter captures particles.
Milestone draw
A milestone draw is a scheduled payment made to the builder when a specific, verifiable stage of construction is completed.
Mineral wool insulation
Mineral wool insulation is made from rock or slag fibers. It is denser and more fire-resistant than fiberglass.
Mini-split
A mini-split is a ductless heating and cooling system with an outdoor compressor and one or more indoor air handlers.
Moisture testing
Moisture testing measures the water content in materials like concrete slabs, wood, or drywall.
Mold
Mold is a fungus that grows on damp surfaces and can cause health problems and material damage.
Mound system
A mound system is a type of septic drain field built above natural grade using sand and special layering.
N
Nail plate
A nail plate is a metal shield that protects pipes and wires where they pass through studs.
Neutral wire
A neutral wire is the white wire in a switch box that completes the circuit and provides constant low-level power to smart switches and dimmers.
NFRC label
The NFRC label is the window performance label that lists ratings like U-factor and SHGC.
Notice to proceed
A notice to proceed is a formal written authorization from the owner telling the builder to start work.
O
Oil-rubbed bronze
Oil-rubbed bronze is a dark metallic finish with visible highlights where the bronze base shows through, giving a hand-rubbed, aged look.
Open-cell foam
Open-cell foam is a softer type of spray foam insulation with lower density that allows vapor to move through it.
Overhead range hood
An overhead range hood is a ventilation unit mounted above the cooktop that captures smoke, steam, and cooking odors and exhausts them outside.
Oversizing (HVAC)
Oversizing means the HVAC equipment is larger than the home needs.
P
P-trap
A P-trap is the curved section of drain pipe under a sink that holds water to block sewer gas.
Packaging or installation certificate
A packaging or installation certificate is the document included with an appliance that records the installation date and is needed to activate the warranty.
Paint sheen
Paint sheen is how shiny the paint is, from flat to satin to semi-gloss.
Pan flashing
Pan flashing is a waterproof detail at the bottom of a window that directs any leaked water back out.
Penetrations
Penetrations are holes through walls or ceilings for pipes, wires, ducts, and vents.
Perc test (percolation test)
A perc test measures how well soil absorbs water, which helps decide if a septic drain field can work.
Permit
A permit is official approval to do certain work, usually tied to safety rules and inspections.
PEX piping
PEX is a flexible plastic piping commonly used for water supply lines in modern homes.
Plumbing fixture
A fixture is the end-use item like a faucet, toilet, shower valve, or tub.
Plumbing rough-in
Plumbing rough-in is the stage where supply lines, drain lines, and vent lines are installed before insulation and drywall.
Point load
A point load is a concentrated force applied at a single location, like where a post sits on a floor or where a beam rests on a wall.
Ponding
Ponding is water sitting on a roof surface instead of draining off.
Pot filler
A pot filler is a wall-mounted faucet installed near the stove that swings out to fill pots directly on the cooktop.
Pre-drywall walkthrough
A pre-drywall walkthrough is a scheduled visit to inspect framing, wiring, plumbing, and insulation before drywall covers everything up.
Prehung door
A prehung door is a door already mounted in its frame, ready to install as one unit.
Prep sink
A prep sink is a smaller secondary sink used for food preparation, typically placed in a kitchen island or wet bar.
Pressure reducing valve (PRV)
A pressure reducing valve lowers water pressure coming into the house to a safer, steadier level.
Pressure tank
A pressure tank stores pressurized water so the well pump does not need to start every time you open a faucet.
Pressure-balance valve
A pressure-balance valve is a shower valve that automatically adjusts water pressure to maintain a consistent temperature when other fixtures are used.
Primer
Primer is the base coat that helps paint stick and helps create even color and sheen.
Pump system (septic)
A pump system uses a pump to move effluent when gravity flow is not possible.
Punch list
A punch list is a final list of small fixes and finish details before you call the job complete.
R
R-value
R-value measures how well insulation resists heat moving through it. Higher is better.
Radon rough-in
A radon rough-in is piping placed under a slab so radon gas can be vented out if testing shows high radon later.
Radon test
A radon test measures the level of radon gas, a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can enter homes from the ground.
Rafter
A rafter is a sloped framing member that supports the roof deck and shingles.
Rainscreen
A rainscreen is an air gap behind siding that helps water drain and helps the wall dry.
Raking light
Raking light is light that hits a wall from the side, which makes bumps and seams easier to see.
Rebar
Rebar is steel reinforcement placed in concrete to help it handle tension and reduce crack movement.
Reducer strip
A reducer strip is a tapered transition piece that bridges a height difference between two adjacent flooring materials.
Register placement
Register placement is where supply vents are located in a room.
Repair area (reserve drain field)
A repair area is a reserved area of land set aside for a future replacement drain field if the first one fails.
Retainage
Retainage is money held back from each payment until the end of the job.
Return air
Return air is the air that flows back to the HVAC system to be heated or cooled again.
Return duct
A return duct pulls air from a room back to the HVAC system for reconditioning and recirculation.
Reveal
A reveal is the small, consistent gap or step used as a visual line between trim pieces or between trim and a frame.
RFI (Request for Information)
An RFI is a formal question used to clarify plans and details before work continues.
Ridge vent
A ridge vent is a vent at the peak of the roof that lets hot air escape from the attic.
Right to cure
A right to cure clause gives the builder a specific amount of time to fix defective work or a breach of contract before you can terminate them or hire someone else.
Rigid foam insulation
Rigid foam insulation is stiff foam boards used to add continuous insulation on the exterior of walls or under slabs.
Rim joist
The rim joist, also called the band joist, is the board that sits on top of the foundation wall and caps the ends of the floor joists.
Roof deck
The roof deck is the wood sheathing that the roofing materials attach to.
Roof penetration
A roof penetration is anything that passes through the roof, like a vent pipe, chimney, or skylight.
Roof pitch
Roof pitch is how steep a roof is.
Roofing underlayment
Roofing underlayment is the layer under shingles or metal that helps keep water off the roof deck.
Rough grading
Rough grading is the initial shaping of the construction site to establish drainage patterns, set building pad elevation, and prepare for foundation work.
Rough opening
A rough opening is the framed hole in the wall where a window or door will be installed.
S
Safety pan
A safety pan is a tray placed under equipment like an air handler to catch leaks and overflow.
Schedule of values (SOV)
A schedule of values is a list that breaks the contract price into line items like framing, plumbing, electrical, and finishes.
Scope of work
Scope of work is the written list of what the builder will do and what the builder will deliver.
Screw pop
A screw pop is when a drywall screw pushes up and creates a small bump or crack in paint.
SEER rating
SEER stands for Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio and measures how efficiently an air conditioner or heat pump cools over a typical season.
Selections
Selections are the specific products you choose, like tile, faucets, lights, paint colors, and appliances.
Self-closing door
A self-closing door is a door that automatically closes after it opens, often used between a garage and a home.
Septic alarm
A septic alarm warns you when a pump tank level is too high or when a pump system is not operating correctly.
Septic drain field
A septic drain field is the area where effluent is distributed into soil so the soil can filter and absorb it.
Septic tank
A septic tank is the buried tank that holds wastewater long enough for solids to settle and for scum to float.
Service upgrade
A service upgrade increases the amount of electrical power the home can safely use, often by upgrading the main service and panel.
Setback
A setback is a required distance you must keep between septic or wells and things like property lines, buildings, and water sources.
Settlement
Settlement is when soil compresses and the structure sinks a little over time.
Sheathing
Sheathing is the panel material, usually plywood or OSB, that covers the outside of wall framing or the roof deck.
Sheet membrane
A sheet membrane is a pre-formed, factory-made waterproof layer applied to shower walls and floors before tile installation.
SHGC (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient)
SHGC measures how much sun heat passes through glass. Lower blocks more sun heat.
Shimming
Shimming is using thin pieces of material to make a window or door sit straight, level, and supported.
Short cycling
Short cycling is when heating or cooling turns on and off too quickly instead of running steady.
Shower valve
A shower valve is the control body inside the wall that mixes hot and cold water and sends it to the shower head or tub spout.
Shrinkage crack
A shrinkage crack is a crack caused by concrete shrinking as it cures and dries.
Shutoff valve
A shutoff valve lets you stop water flow to a fixture, a room, or the whole house.
Siding
Siding is the exterior cladding material that covers the walls of a house, protecting against weather and providing appearance.
Sill pan
A sill pan is a waterproof tray under a window that directs any leaked water back out.
Sill plate
A sill plate is the piece of wood that sits on top of the foundation and connects framing to concrete.
Skim coat
A skim coat is a thin layer of joint compound spread over a wall or ceiling to smooth and unify the surface.
Skylight
A skylight is a window installed in the roof to bring light into the home.
Slab-on-grade
Slab-on-grade is a concrete slab poured at ground level that acts as the floor and part of the foundation.
Slide-in range
A slide-in range is a cooking appliance designed to fit between cabinets with controls on the front panel, creating a built-in look.
Slope (drain)
Slope is the gentle downhill pitch a drain line needs so water and waste flow properly.
Smoke alarm
A smoke alarm detects smoke and alerts you early in a fire.
Soffit
Soffit is the material that covers the underside of the roof overhang, usually with vents to allow attic airflow.
Soffit vent
A soffit vent is a vent under the roof overhang that lets fresh air enter the attic.
Soil bearing
Soil bearing is how much weight the soil can support without compressing too much.
Spalling
Spalling is when concrete flakes or breaks off, often due to freeze-thaw damage or rusting steel.
Spalling (garage floor)
Spalling is when concrete flakes and breaks off, often from freeze-thaw cycles and de-icer salts.
Span
Span is the distance a structural member like a beam, joist, or header covers between supports.
Specification
A specification is the written description of what materials and quality level the builder will use.
Splash block
A splash block is a small pad at the end of a downspout that spreads water out so it does not dig a trench.
Spray foam insulation
Spray foam insulation is a liquid that expands and hardens on contact, filling cavities and sealing air leaks at the same time.
Standby generator
A standby generator is a permanently installed, fuel-powered generator that starts automatically when utility power is lost.
Static pressure
Static pressure is the resistance the HVAC system feels when it tries to move air through ducts, filters, and coils.
Step flashing
Step flashing is a series of small flashing pieces that weave with shingles where a roof meets a wall.
Structured wiring
Structured wiring is a planned system of data, audio, video, and communication cables that run from a central panel to every room in the house.
Structured wiring panel
A structured wiring panel is a centralized enclosure, usually in a utility closet, where all data, audio, video, and communication cables are connected and managed.
Subfloor
The subfloor is the structural layer of plywood or OSB that sits on top of floor joists and supports the finished floor.
Submittal
A submittal is a product cut sheet or shop drawing that shows what will be installed.
Substantial completion
Substantial completion is the point when the home is usable for its intended purpose, even if small items remain.
Sump pump
A sump pump is a pump in a pit that removes water from under or around the foundation and sends it outside.
Supply duct
A supply duct delivers conditioned air from the HVAC system to individual rooms through registers in the ceiling, floor, or walls.
Supply line
A supply line is the pipe that brings clean water to fixtures like sinks, toilets, and showers.
Supply register
A supply register is the vent that delivers heated or cooled air from the HVAC system into a room.
Swale
A swale is a shallow, graded channel in the landscape that directs surface water flow away from structures to a safe discharge point.
T
T-molding
T-molding is a T-shaped transition strip that bridges two flooring surfaces of similar height where they meet.
Tank water heater
A tank water heater stores and continuously heats a reservoir of hot water, typically 40 to 80 gallons, for immediate use.
Tankless water heater
A tankless water heater heats water on demand as it flows through the unit, without storing hot water in a tank.
Tape and mud
Tape and mud is the process of covering drywall seams with tape and joint compound to make a smooth surface.
Tempered glass
Tempered glass is heat-treated safety glass that breaks into small pieces instead of sharp shards.
Texture
Texture is a patterned finish applied to walls or ceilings, like orange peel or knockdown.
Thermal bridging
Thermal bridging happens when heat slips through parts of an assembly that insulate poorly, like studs or metal.
Thermostatic valve
A thermostatic valve is a shower valve that maintains a precise set temperature regardless of changes in water pressure from other fixtures.
Thread
Thread is a low-power wireless networking protocol designed for smart home devices that creates a self-healing mesh network.
Threshold
A threshold is the bottom piece of a doorway that you step over.
Toilet wax ring
A wax ring is a seal between the toilet base and the drain pipe in the floor.
Topographic survey
A topographic survey is a detailed map showing elevation changes, contour lines, and natural features of the land.
Transfer switch
A transfer switch is a device that safely switches a home's electrical supply between utility power and generator power.
Trap arm
The trap arm is the section of drain pipe between the P-trap and the vent connection.
Trap seal
Trap seal is the water sitting in a P-trap that blocks sewer gases from coming up.
Trench drain
A trench drain is a long drain channel in a floor that collects water and routes it away.
Trim
Trim is the finish woodwork that covers edges and gaps, like baseboards, door casing, and window casing.
Truss
A truss is a pre-engineered framework, usually triangular, that supports roofs or floors.
Turnkey
A turnkey contract means the builder is responsible for delivering a completely finished home, ready to use—you just 'turn the key' and walk in.
V
Valley
A valley is the area where two roof planes meet and water concentrates.
Vapor barrier (under slab)
A vapor barrier is a plastic sheet under a slab that helps block ground moisture from moving into the concrete and into the home.
Vapor retarder
A vapor retarder slows water vapor moving through a wall or ceiling.
Vent pipe
A vent pipe allows air into the drainage system to maintain proper flow and prevent siphoning of water from traps.
Vent stack
A vent stack is a pipe that lets air into the plumbing system so drains flow smoothly without siphoning traps.
Ventilation
Ventilation is the controlled exchange of indoor and outdoor air to maintain air quality.
Voltage drop
Voltage drop is the loss of voltage as electricity travels through a wire, usually worse on long runs or undersized wire.
Volume control valve
A volume control valve adjusts the flow of water to a specific shower outlet independently from the mixing valve.
W
Walkout basement
A walkout basement has at least one wall at grade level, allowing a full-size door directly to the outside.
Warm-edge spacer
A warm-edge spacer is the strip around the edge between window panes. It is designed to reduce heat loss at the glass edge.
Warranty
A warranty is the builder’s promise to fix certain issues for a set time after completion.
Water hammer
Water hammer is a banging or thumping in pipes when water flow stops suddenly.
Water hammer arrestor
A water hammer arrestor is a device that cushions pressure spikes in plumbing.
Water heater
A water heater is the appliance that heats and stores hot water for showers, sinks, and appliances.
Water quality test
A water quality test checks well water for issues like bacteria, nitrates, and minerals.
Waterproofing (foundation)
Foundation waterproofing is the system that keeps ground water from entering a basement or crawlspace.
Weatherproof cover
A weatherproof cover protects an outdoor outlet from rain and snow.
Weatherstripping
Weatherstripping is the seal around a door or operable window that blocks air and water.
Weep holes
Weep holes are small openings that let trapped water drain out of systems like brick veneer.
Well
A well is a drilled hole that provides water from underground.
Well casing
Well casing is the pipe lining the well that helps keep the well structure stable and helps protect water from surface contamination.
Well pump
A well pump moves water from the well up into the home.
Well yield
Well yield is how much water the well can produce over time.
Well yield test
A well yield test measures the sustainable volume of water a well can produce over a period of time, usually expressed in gallons per minute.
Wet location
A wet location is an area where water can contact electrical equipment, like outdoors exposed to rain or inside a shower zone.
Will-serve letter
A will-serve letter is a written commitment from a utility provider confirming they can deliver service to a specific address or building lot.
Window flashing
Window flashing is waterproof material installed around window openings to direct water away from the framing and prevent leaks.
Wire gauge
Wire gauge is the thickness of a wire. Thicker wire can safely carry more current.
Wire mesh
Wire mesh is a grid of steel wires used to reinforce concrete slabs.
Workshop circuit
A workshop circuit is a circuit planned for tools like table saws, compressors, or shop heaters.
WRB (Weather-Resistive Barrier)
A WRB is a layer behind siding that helps keep wind-driven rain from getting into the wall.
Z
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